Singapore once faced severe haze issues due to forest burning in neighboring countries, leading to PM2.5 levels soaring to 471 micrograms per cubic meter in 2013, far exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits. To tackle this problem, the Singaporean government implemented various measures, including:

  • Enacting Cross-Border Pollution Control Laws: Singapore introduced the "Transboundary Haze Pollution Act," imposing fines of SGD 100,000 per day (up to SGD 2 million) on foreign companies found to be conducting activities that adversely affect air quality in the country since 2014.
  • Regional Cooperation through the "ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution" in collaboration with Malaysia and Indonesia.
  • Technical Support and Resource Assistance to neighboring countries, such as training officials in wildfire management, sharing technology to reduce forest burning, and supporting sustainable agricultural development. Additionally, Singapore has sent expert teams and C-130 firefighting aircraft to assist Indonesia in controlling wildfires in vulnerable areas.

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In Thailand, a similar issue arises as it is affected by PM2.5 from neighboring countries. In addition to efforts to draft domestic legislation, such as the Clean Air Act, an international agreement has been established, namely the “Clear Sky Strategy” (2024 - 2030) between Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar, aiming to reduce PM2.5 pollution primarily from industries, transportation, agriculture, and wildfires. There are plans for seasonal pollution management to help mitigate the cross-border impacts of PM2.5.